The eNotes Blog eNotes Student of Change Emily Thomas, The Social MediaDo-Gooder

Student of Change Emily Thomas, The Social MediaDo-Gooder At 24 years old having 61,000 followers on Twitter, people always ask me if there’s something profound I did to make that happen and my answer is always no. I just showed people that I cared. Emily Thomas In our new blog series, were interviewing students and recent graduates who have taken their studies and done something profound with them. Some are doing great work at home, while others have traveled to far off destinations to help communities in need. Whatever path theyve chosen, these inspirational Students of Change prove that being young and recently graduated are never hindrances to doing what you want to do. Take the subject of our first interview for example, Emily Thomas. Emily is 24 and just recently graduated from Seattle University. Her writing has been featured on Huffington Post and she’s currently involved with a number of PR projects, the biggest of which is #standwithme, a campaign for a documentary about the issue of child slavery. She’s a social media guru with upwards of 61,000 followers on Twitter. We at believe that she exemplifies the ideal eNoter through her upbeat attitude and never ending quest for knowledge. Read on for your daily dose of inspiration. You’re a self-proclaimed do-gooder, what does this mean to you and what led you to aspire to this identity? I got the phrase â€Å"do-gooder† from one of my favorite quotes by Minor Myers which is â€Å"go into the world and do well, but more importantly, go into the world and do good.† While being an established writer and successful social media strategist is important to me, I always remind myself that true success comes from two things: doing something that makes you happy and doing something that makes the world a better place than when you found it. The truth is that we aren’t going to live forever, but we have the ability to forever make the world a better place by choosing our actions wisely. Before I embark on any social media campaigns, I ask myself if it’s a project that I feel is going to make a difference in the world. What I have found from working on projects like #standwithme and Snap2Live is that my ability to use social media strategy helps companies tell their story in the best way possible through cyber space. I know that my efforts with these two projects are affecting more lives than just my own. You recently began working on the #standwithme campaign. Can you tell us a little bit about this campaign and the cause it supports? Back in December I was contacted by Patrick Moreau, one of the Founders of a film company called Stillmotion that is based in Portland. I had seen some of their work prior to #standwithme and was aware that the film company had won 4 Emmy’s for one of their more recent documentaries. Patrick contacted me via Twitter (of all places) and offered to send me a screener of the film, which completely blew me away. I was so moved by the story that I knew I had to be a part of it. #standwithme is a documentary film that is focused on raising awareness about child slavery. Today, there are currently 30 million people living their lives as slaves- a majority of them are children. The documentary tells the story of a 9-year-old little girl named Vivienne Harr who was so moved by a photo of two boys in slavery that she wanted to make a difference. Her goal was to free 500 kids from slavery in the only way she knew how- by selling lemonade. Over a year later she wound up raising $150,000 through her company Make-A-Stand by asking people to â€Å"pay what was in their hearts.† What is so powerful about #standwithme is that it shows people that it is possible for one person, like Vivienne, to make a difference by using their voice to stand up for those who don’t have one. Stillmotion hopes that #standwithme will inspire people to go out into the world and do what’s right and also be more aware of where they are buying their products from to ensur e that we can bring an end to child slavery. #standwithme The Official Trailer. from stillmotion on Vimeo. What are some of the most valuable things you’ve learned from your work on different social media platforms?   Some of the most valuable things I’ve learned may come as a surprise because they really are so simple. Social media is called â€Å"social† media for a reason- because it requires engagement from you to make something happen. As we move more and more into a more â€Å"social† business model, it is crucial for companies to show people that they care. At 24 years old having 61,000 followers on Twitter, people always ask me if there’s something profound I did to make that happen and my answer is always no. I just showed people that I cared, I interacted with people who tweeted me, I shared links and blog posts from writers that I admired which then in turn caused them to take an interest in me. I also learned how powerful it is to ask for what you want. I wish that all the people in the world have enough to eat today, and that theyre healthy. #standwithme - Emily Thomas (@emitoms) April 10, 2014 There were so many things I wanted to do but I was too afraid to ask for, but when I finally did I was surprised at my results. I asked for contact information from some of my favorite writers and asked them how they got to where they are today- something that has impacted my professional career greatly. How did you get your start as a writer? Did anyone in particular influence you? Writing is something that has always been a big part of my life. Before I started doing social media strategy as my career, I used to post Facebook updates daily that received a lot of positive feedback from my family and friends. It made me happy to know that I could use my thoughts and my words to make someone else’s day a little brighter. When I started using Twitter and having a bigger audience, I realized that through writing it was possible to make a difference in thousands of lives in a matter of minutes. Aside from my parents, I would say that I have had several people in my life that have had a big influence on the writer I am today. One of those people is my mentor, Sean Gardner, who makes his living doing what I do at a grander scale. He was the person that constantly pushed me to pursue bigger goals and to put myself out there in front of people so that I could be seen. There will never be enough words to thank him for what he has done for me. What advice can you give the students that use about pursuing their dreams? For college students looking to pursue their dreams there are many pieces of advice I could give that I probably don’t have room for. I would tell them to pursue what you love and to pursue what makes you happy because you only get to live your life once. As a Sociology major, I can’t even begin to count how many times people told me that I couldn’t do anything with my degree- that I wouldn’t have a job upon graduation and now here I am juggling 3 different jobs at the same time. I had a strong passion for what I wanted to do and I believed that I could make it possible. Though I am still a work in progress of course, all of the things that have fallen into my lap recently weren’t because I was lucky or because they came at the right time- it was because I worked hard for them every day. I would also encourage students to recognize that there is no such thing as a â€Å"self-made† man/woman and there is always going to be someone who helped y ou up along the way. Never be afraid to ask for guidance from people who have been to where you want to be and make sure you are surrounding yourself with people who believe in you and support your dreams. Where do you see yourself in five years? What long-term goals do you have set? In five years I hope to have my own consulting company. I love the work that I do and I am getting a lot of interest from different businesses that want me to help them tell their story through social media. An ultimate dream of mine is to write my first book- something meaningful that will change the way people think. Everyday eNoter Questions: The Everyday eNoter’s bookshelf is always full, what’s your current favorite read? Why? One book that I’ve been really into lately is The Success Principles by Jack Canefield.  This book has taught me multiple things, like how to increase my confidence, how to tackle daily challenges, and how to live with passion and purpose. This book taught me how to fully embrace my ambitions and outlined a clear strategy about how to make them a reality. Definitely a must-read! What’s the best advice you’ve ever received from a professor or teacher? One of the best pieces of advice I have ever received from a professor was from Jodi O’Brien- a sociology professor at Seattle University. I remember my senior year I was overloading classes in my last quarter on top of being really involved on campus, which meant that I lost a lot of sleep. Although it seems simple, Jodi taught me the importance of taking care of my body and living a balanced life. She usually wasn’t pleased when I would show up to class the following day having spent all night working on a paper and told me that I should always take my health into consideration. Balance, I learned from her, is a key component to success and a happy life. If you could change one thing about the education system, what would it be? Why? One thing I would change about the education system is how much emphasis we put on getting good grades. While I think doing well in school is important- I graduated with a 3.4 and I’m doing just fine. I think it’s important that students really focus on â€Å"educating the whole person† by being involved on campus and not neglecting the things that make you excited. I would like to see more students be rewarded for their creativity, their passion, and their actions that are making a difference in the world. Looking back, what advice would you give your freshman self? One piece of advice I would give my freshman self is to not be afraid to be insanely passionate about the things you love OR to not be afraid to not enjoy what the majority enjoys. When I first got to college in Santa Barbara it was a big party scene- something that never really appealed to me and I felt bad about it. I thought something was wrong with me because it wasn’t something I enjoyed, but now looking back a realized that it’s ok to not enjoy those things and still be happy. I would tell myself to not be afraid to stand alone and stick my neck out and try new things- it’s so important! What’s your go-to music/soundtrack for homework or writing? I usually can’t listen to things with words because then I start singing along- so any Pandora station that has relaxing music for studying is my go-to. Check out Emily on Twitter @emitoms. For more info on #standwithme, including how to bring the film to a theater near you, visit  www.standwithmemovie.com.

German Textbook Guide

German Textbook Guide Textbooks for German The first decision you have to make in selecting a textbook for German is whether you want a text published in your country and targeted for a specific (American, British, Italian, etc.) audience, or a more universal, all-German Deutsch als Fremdsprache text published by a German publisher. The listing below includes German publishers and those in other countries. Most textbooks are also aimed at a specific age-level and often target either a college or school level. In our list youll find the textbooks listed alphabetically by title- with an indication of the target level (young learners, middle school, high school, college). We also plan to add a list of supplementary texts soon- for TPR, cultural, literary, or anthology books for German. The listing for textbooks below describes the materials offered (teachers guide, workbook, CDs, cassettes, etc.) and the general program for each text. (Such descriptions come from the publisher or textbook vendors and are intended only as a general guide.) A Web link is included for each textbook publishers site. The target level for each title is indicated by the following abbreviations: C college, adults, HS high school, MS middle school/junior high, YL young learners/elementary school. TEXTBOOK TITLES for GERMAN (with level) Auf Deutsch! (MS/HS) Publ: McDougal Littel. From the publisher: A three-level, multi-component German program with print, audio, and integrated technology components that are keyed to the Fokus Deutsch video series. Extensive teacher support and strategies designed to address multiple intelligences, and various learning styles and ability levels. Blick 1 (MS/HS) Publ: Hueber Verlag. Intermediate German for teenagers and young adults in three volumes. Each volume offers a textbook (with CD), a workbook, and a teachers guide. Hueber also has a nice Web site for teachers (in German). Deutsch aktiv neu (HS) Langenscheidt. This textbook is written entirely in German for beginning students. Its topics are of high interest and familiarity so the students are drawn into participation. The learning is done in context, which draws students into the language and culture quicker. The page-by-page glossaries and the strong emphasis on grammar aid the student in language acquisition. Three levels, each with textbook, workbook, glossary, teachers manual, and audio cassettes. Deutsch aktuell (MS/HS) Publ: EMC/Paradigm. The fifth edition (2004) is not just a revised edition, but a totally rewritten textbook. Developed in response to needs expressed by teachers throughout the US, it incorporates a well-balanced approach emphasizing communication and a logical progression of language structure. Also available as an interactive CD-ROM. Textbook, annotated teachers edition, workbook, audio CDs, testing program, TPR storytelling manual, and more. Three-level program plus other German materials. Deutsch: Na klar! (HS/C) Publ: McGraw Hill. An introductory German course that claims to motivate students and stimulate interest in the culture and language through its approach to authentic materials that illustrate vocabulary in context, communicative functions of grammatical structures, and cultural points. Features activities and exercises, an easy-to-follow chapter structure, and an array of multimedia supplements. Fokus Deutsch (HS/C) Publ: McGraw Hill. A three-level German text created in collaboration with the Annenberg/CPB project, WGBH/Boston, and the McGraw-Hill Companies- along with Inter Nationes and the Goethe-Institut. The program immerses students in the reality of German life, history, and culture. The comprehensive package also includes such multimedia supplements as a CD-ROM resource for instructors and a text-specific Web site. Komm mit! (MS/HS) Publ: HRW. One of the most-used high school German textbooks in the US. Three levels with textbook, teachers edition, workbooks, and multimedia for the classroom. See some sample cultural Web supplements for this textbook from the publisher. You can also download PDF files for detailed descriptions of aspects of this series from the HRW Web site. Kontakte: A Communicative Approach (HS/C) Publ: McGraw Hill. A German text based on and inspired by the Natural Approach, pioneered by Tracy D. Terrell (the late co-author). Students learn German through communicative contexts with an emphasis on the four skills as well as cultural competence, with grammar functioning as an aid to language learning, rather than as an end in itself. Text and instructors manual, workbook, CD-ROM, and book Web site. Passwort Deutsch (HS/C) Publ: Klett Edition Deutsch. A five-level communicative and activity-oriented text for Zertifikat Deutsch preparation. Reading texts and exercises help students develop oral comprehension, speaking, reading and writing skills, with emphasis on vocabulary and grammar. Textbook, teachers guide, vocabulary booklet, audio CDs. Plus Deutsch (HS/C) Publ: Hueber Verlag. Text/workbook, teachers guide, CDs, German-English glossary (Level I). Focus on communication skills and grammar. Each of three levels contains a variety of texts ranging from comics, poems, and short stories to reports and interviews related to the culture and civilization of German-speaking countries. Exercises for vocabulary and structures, and color illustrations. Schritte 1-6 (HS/C) Publ: Hueber A complete six-level German program with student text, workbooks, and audio CDs for teens to adults. Sowieso (YL/MS) Publ: Langenscheidt. A three-volume textbook series for beginners age 12 and up. An English edition (A German Course for Young People) is also available. Stufen international (MS/HS) Publ: Klett Edition Deutsch. Three levels, each volume with 10 lessons. Everyday topics in full color, conversation, grammar, information, pronunciation, and practice activities. Text/workbook, teachers handbook, exercise book, audio cassettes. This text also has its own online forum. Tamburin (YL) Publ: Hueber. Three levels with activities and audio. Teacherss guide, workbook, audio CDs. For children. Themen neu (HS/C) Publ: Hueber Verlag. The updated edition of this popular college/high school textbook maintains the quality of the original, but written and oral comprehension exercises are now introduced earlier and intensively practiced in the first volume. Important grammar, in particular the perfect tense, are dealt with early on. Two levels with textbook, workbook, CDs or cassettes, teachers guide, and an English-German glossary (Level I). Theres also a special level three Zertifikatsband for students who intend to pass the Zertifikat Deutsch exam. Do you know of a good German texbook we havent listed here? Contact your Guide.

Defining Territories in different regions Essay

Defining Territories in different regions - Essay Example certain types of clothes whereas others do not, for instance in most Arabian nations it is a requirement that women adorn in veils in a move to symbolize their status and religion. Finally, there are modern gulf cities such as Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait that evolved from colonial dependency into statehood (Commins, 2012). The essay will relay information on the four types of territories in addition to how they are marked and maintained. A continent such as Europe, the culture of a single city such as trade in addition to its population is most likely to become cosmopolitan and varied. Although hopelessly outweighed in matters regarding geopolitics, networked cities are normally in a better position of achieving and retaining astonishing power hence achieving independence in terms of nominal sovereignty (Hohenberg & Lees, 2002). This is similar in the case of gulf cities, for instance Bahrain. According to Kermeliotis (2010), just like any other nation in the gulf, Bahrain has its own territories. This is because the city has a global recognition for its tolerance and openness hence becoming the most liberal society in the region. Apart from having the lowest cost of living, it also boasts of being the first nation in the gulf to allow education for both boys and girls. The veiling territory is when a city comes up with measures on how its citizens ought to appear in public. Whereas some nations embrace veiling territories, others such as France and the US do not have it; instead, their dress code is normally termed secularism or westernization. Conversely, gender territories involve both male and female in which they ought to receive equal recognition. This is normally achievable through abolition of certain norms such as the urban planning that has gender dimensions whereby whereas men travel distance locations in search of employment while women are to stay at home and take care of the home and children (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007). Due to the

IS theories, are they emerged in IS disciplines or adopted from other Article - 1

IS theories, are they emerged in IS disciplines or adopted from other disciplines - Article Example 66). These roles include: Information systems have also had a significant impact on productivity of service and manufacturing operations. Recent studies have led to factory automation, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, etc. Such advances have improved the productivity and quality of organizations (Gurbaxani & Seungjin, 1991, p. 66). Various theories within the information systems discipline have contributed to the development of application systems. For example, knowledge sharing between different organizations and groups has been enabled by conducting both psychological and social studies. By applying borrowed theories from these disciplines it has been possible to identify what factors affect knowledge sharing behavior in humans (Hall, 2003, p.11). Literature from such studies sheds light into the factors motivating knowledge and information sharing within organizations. Ultimately, this will enable the development of systems and policies that are of great benefit to an organization. Theories within the discipline of information systems have enabled system developers to justify the costs associated with development of application systems for organization. It is now possible to justify the strategic advantage of information systems to the managers of an organization. The theory of competitive strategy has enabled firms to change the way they serve their customers all in an effort to earn profits. Research into human behavior has enabled the development of customer centered application systems. Information system as a discipline is concerned with the development of information systems that model real world artifacts. It is vital that these real world artifacts be modeled in a proper manner. For this to be possible, fine theories are required. These theories enable developers and researchers to describe the facts and events that are being modeled. Theories are used in design projects to trigger the specifics of

Benefits of Nuclear Weapons Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Nuclear Weapons Essay World tensions have created power struggles throughout different countries in the 1900s to today. These power struggles have fueled the start of several wars between nations. The two biggest nations during these power struggles were the USSR and United States of America. Throughout the cold war, nuclear buildup created a deterrence that has spilled over into other countries harnessing the power of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons have assisted in an uneasy peace with many countries despite the fact that nuclear weapons could end civilization or the lives of millions at any particular moment. A brief look into Cold War beliefs, whether or not nuclear weapons deter conflict, how nuclear weapons provide a military and political function, and why some states believe in nuclear armaments will demonstrate how effective the use of the most dangerous weapons in history can assist in the activities of peaceful cohabitation and coexistence. Nuclear Weapons: The Cold War Example The actions throughout the Cold War demonstrate the ideas of offensive weapons used for defensive purposes. The activities and positions of the United States and the Soviets during the mid-1980s demonstrate how nuclear buildup was the answer to ensuring an uneasy peace between the two countries. During this time, the United States: Sought only to restore a stable military balance, assure deterrence and reduce the risk of war. It found unacceptable a perpetuation of the present situation, in which it was compelled to maintain a large strategic arsenal, and [favored] a more stable strategic balance at much lower levels of armaments. (Nuclear Arms: Positions of, 1984, p. 12) The USA position on the problem was that more weapons were needed in order to maintain a sense of status quo with the Soviets who were commencing a nuclear buildup of their own throughout the 1980s decade. (Nuclear Arms: Positions of, 1984, p. 12) The idea behind these buildups is actually a continuation of a previous form of military and political ideology. The United States and the Soviet Union both believed that as long as they concentrated on building nuclear weapons, they would not actually concentrate on destroying each other. (Nuclear Arms: Positions of, 1984, p. 12) Evidence has been presented that the Soviets would have used nuclear weapons had war broken out in Europe, which tends to show that nuclear weapons during the Cold War era had a stabilizing effect on world peace. (Schneider, 2004, p. 55) This peace lasted throughout the Cold War, and illustrates how effective nuclear weapons are in establishing and prolonging a peace between two countries. Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence The question as to whether or not nuclear weapons provide a deterrence function can be investigated in many instances. First, the more recent actions of President George W. Bush in the early 2000’s demonstrates how deterrence is effective, but must be followed to strict specifications in order to fully work. For example, President Bush in 2001 adopted a policy of unilateralism when dealing with the American nuclear arsenal that would attempt to ignore all of the nuclear weapons treaties. (Hartung, 2001, p. 4) These treaties were formed in the attempt at nuclear war deterrence, and have been effective at creating a mutual destruction peace. (Hartung, 2001, p. 4) However, President Bush attempted to destroy the peace and create an environment where nuclear weapons could be used again in the future by attempting to shift the balances throughout the world and threaten other nations. (Hartung, 2001, p. 4) These activities of President Bush indicate that nuclear weapons do promote diplomacy and deterrence, but only if provisions and agreements about their use and creation are followed. Deterrence can never be established through unilateralism. Thomas C. Schelling, an expert on deterrence, has suggested in the face of growing unease as more countries acquire or threaten to acquire nuclear arms, he continues to believe that deterrence can be maintained and extended to cover the new players. (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) However, Schelling â€Å"rightly points out that that will not happen without policies, especially U. S. policies that demonstrate the case for continued abhorrence of their use. † (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) Mr. Schelling also believes that education of the harms of nuclear weapons cannot be viable to countries that do not possess the technology. (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) Schelling’s suggestion is that a country without nuclear weapons will be too frightened by the threat of nuclear use that they will not fully respect deterrence theories unless they too have a nuclear arsenal of some type.

killer whales :: essays research papers

KEIKO THE KILLER WHALE UNHAPPY IN ICELAND WATERS Reykjavik, Sept 13 AFP - A project to repatriate Keiko the killer whale, the lovable star of the Hollywood Free Willy movies, to his native Iceland waters one year ago has been a failure, a project spokesman admitted today. Keiko, who was flown home to Iceland from Oregon almost exactly a year ago amid a huge media frenzy that garnered worldwide attention, has still not begun to swim in deep waters on his own and is incapable of hunting fish to feed himself. He has remained in his special floating basin for the past year in the Klettsvik fjord, southeast of Reykjavik. A year ago, hopes were high that Keiko, who is 22 years old, would be reunited with his mother. Male killer whales can live up to around 30 years, while females can live to be up to 90 years old. "His re-adaptation to natural, or wild sea life is a total failure," said Hallur Hallson, a spokesman for the Free Willy support group which has financed Keiko's care since his retirement from Hollywood in 1996. In his new-found freedom, Keiko has never tried to eat live fish -- he requires 100kg a day -- or play with other whales. "And when his underwater cage was damaged in a bad storm Saturday, he didn't make a move to escape," Hallson added. Killer whales can only survive in groups, and Keiko, who has failed to adapt to his natural environment, would therefore not be able to survive on his own, according to experts. Jack Foster, an American responsible for Keiko's care, claims not to be disappointed despite the project's failure. "It's all only a question of money", countered Jon Gunnarson, the man who originally captured Keiko and was paid one third the sum now spent to keep Keiko alive each month. "And I think it's repugnant to think that American children are breaking open their piggy-banks to finance the captivity of this warted and ailing animal, who is incapable of attacking a baby herring, and who will never ever make it to the deep sea again." CAMPAIGN HOPES TO `FREE WILLY' IN MID-2000 Stockholm, Sept 22 Reuters - Celebrity killer whale Keiko could be freed into the wild in mid-2000, according to the organisers of an campaign which returned him to his native Iceland exactly one year ago. The five-tonne star of the first Free Willy movie was flown home from the United States and released into a floating pen in the remote Westman Islands as the first step to freedom.

Factors Affecting Infant Feeding Practices of Mothers

A STUDY ON FACTORS AFFECTING INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES OF MOTHERS IN THE PHILIPPINESSantos, Samuel Edelson Pingol, Aaron Paul Villanueva, Lovely Ann Bermas, Mhelrick Andrew Brecia, Froyland Miguel Faustino, Donald Bulacan State University BSECE 2A Introduction Every day, as many as 4,000 infants and young children die worldwide because they are not breastfed. According to UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), it is because their mothers are not empowered with adequate knowledge about breastfeeding and do not receive enough motivation and support. Babies, their mothers, their families, their community, their environment, even the economy of the country in which they live, all benefit from breastfeeding. This research is generally about breastfeeding: its benefits and significance to infant nutrition and factors that makes impact on breastfeeding; the practices in the Philippines that affect breastfeeding; and analyses by organizations concerned in breastfeeding. The given timeframe for the group research is the month of July and some weeks of August. The group decided to use a topic about health and wellness since nutrition is celebrated in that month. Another reason that encouraged pursuing the topic is that the world has celebrated its 20th Annual Breastfeeding Week last August 1-7, 2012 making the research timely. Abstract The objective of conducting this study is to evaluate the breast feeding practices adopted by women in the Philippines, and to show factors affecting time of initiation of breast feeding, age of weaning, and food given to the baby other than breast milk. It aimed to describe the elements affecting breastfeeding and to find out the significant relationship between breastfeeding and health of the child. The breast feeding practices adopted in terms of duration, frequency, exclusiveness of breast feeding and weaning have great impact on complete physical, mental and psycho-social development of the child. The superiority of breast milk compared to other types of milk for the nourishment of the human infant offering better health benefits. Early childhood is characterized by rapid growth, maturation of tissues and remodeling of organs. Breastfeeding is the optimal method for feeding infants. All the nutritional needs for most of these children are provided by breast milk in the right amounts and duration. Exclusive breast feeding was practiced by 40% of the mothers for first six month of life. The data obtained were analyzed using percentiles. Although the findings indicated that 34% of the mothers practiced breastfeeding and 84% supplemented with complementary foods, only 40% practiced exclusive breastfeeding. This study emphasizes the need of breast feeding education program regarding the duration of exclusive breast feeding. In comparison between rural and urban countries, studies have found out that mothers from rural areas have higher rates of breastfeeding than urban mothers. Another concept of the study is about the factors that affect breastfeeding patterns of mothers. These are demographic, socioeconomic and health service factors. Apart from breastfeeding, the research prior discussed about the loads of benefits people can get from breastfeeding and breast milk. There are psychological, health and contraceptive benefits one could get through breastfeeding and breast milk. To all infants, specifically Filipino children, should have the best protective ways against infection and malnutrition through exclusive breastfeeding. I. Breast milk: The most suitable food for human newborn A. Benefits of Breastfeeding 1. Emotional Health 2. Protective Action 3. Anti-infective properties of breast milk 4. Psychological profit 5. Effective contraception B. Formula Feeding II. Practices in the Philippines that contribute to problem of breastfeeding A. Duration (short) of breastfeeding in the Philippines B. Deprivation of beneficial effects of colostrum due to delayed breastfeeding III. Literature Review A. Breastfeeding and Supplementary Feeding 1. Breastfeeding in rural countries . Breastfeeding in developed countries B. WHO Recommendations 1. WHO Code (Definition of Terms) 2. DOH (Philippines) C. Factors Influencing duration of breastfeeding 1. Demographic Factors a. Mother’s age b. Parity c. Subsequent pregnancy d. Birth order of child e. Sex of the child f. Residence 2. Socioeconomic Factors a. Mother’s Education b. Mother’s Occupation c. Father’s Education d. Household economic statu s 3. Health Service Factors a. Antenatal care visits b. Place of delivery and mode of delivery c. Advice from health personnel 4. Conceptual Framework IV. Personal Overview and Conclusion Breast milk: The most suitable food for human newborn. The benefits of breastfeeding There are loads of benefits we can get from the natural way of giving food to babies. It can be emotional, physical, psychological and economical. Breastfeeding contribute to emotional health. Babies and mothers who gave birth recently are quite emotional persons. Being sensitive is a natural effect that occurs after giving birth and babies are still delicate up to the time they are still crying a lot. According to Gerber [1], â€Å"from birth up to 6 months of age and beyond, breast milk is still the best milk mother’s can give to their babies. The best nutrition they can give at the same time having these advantages: Preventing allergies and infections by providing natural immunities; Speeding up the recovery of the uterus; decreasing intestinal problems for babies; and promoting psychological and emotional insurance for both moms and babies. † Breastfeeding executes protective action. Breast milk can provide protective action to infants. These are immunities and colostrums. According to Cocabo and Kin [3], ‘through antibodies found in breast milk, mothers can ensure protection from immunization. Breastfeeding naturally promotes proper nutrition for the babies. ’ â€Å"Breast milk contains infection fighting antibodies from the mother, and breastfed babies are believed to be at a reduced risk for many acute and chromatic infections early in life. The cholesterol content is also high in human milk and very low in formulas. Cholesterol promotes brain growth and provides the building blocks of hormones, vitamin D and intestinal bite† [4 p. 2]. 1] Gerber, â€Å"Some notes on breastfeeding†, Countdown: Nine Months to a Perfect Delivery, vol. 1, no. 1, 2004, pp. 31 [3] S. Cocabo and P. Kin, â€Å"Childcare: the first 3 years†, Your Health Guide: The Family Wealth, Medimarketing, Inc. , Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1994, pp. 26 [4] Medicine Net, Breastfeeding and formula feeding, Medicine Net, 1996, p. 2 [Online]. Availab le: http://www. medicinenet. com [Accessed: 18 July 2012] â€Å"Breast milk is best for your baby and the earlier he begins breastfeeding, the better. It has all the right nutrients at the right amounts. It costs nothing and helps you get back in shape. The first week after delivery, your breasts will produce colostrum – a thick, yellowish milk that is high in protein but very low in fat than actual breast milk. It also contains antibodies† [5 p. 23]. And according to Paraz [8], high-quality human capital may depend on mothers’ effort to breast feed their children. Health expenditures are lessened through breastfeeding, resulting to an organized health system. Breast milk contains anti-infective properties. Aside from immunity, breastfeeding has contents that can establish strong relationship between mother and child. Another one is that it can avoid pre- menopausal breast cancer. â€Å"If a multinational company develop a product that was a nutritionally balanced and delicious food, a wonder drug that both prevented and treated disease, cost almost nothing to produce and could be delivered in quantities controlled by the consumer’s needs, the very announcement of their find would send their shares rocketing to the top of the stock market. Women have been producing such miraculous substance, breast milk, since the beginning of human existence† [7 p. 1]. Breast milk gives psychological profit. Apart from emotions, the way mothers think, especially moms who gave birth on their first child, are vulnerable. They are experiencing adjustments on their lifestyle and even on their minds. The website Psychology today [2] says that, ‘the link between breastfeeding and anxiety decrease could serve as a source of sanity-preserver. The attention of nourishing of a child can appear remarkable in the best of situations. If a first-hand mother’s stress system where to boost in full-throttle every while the child cries or spits-up, motherhood can seem even more psychologically stimulating than it is. [2] PT Staff, â€Å"The benefits of breastfeeding†, Psychology Today, 01 January 1996 [Online]. Available: http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/199601/the-benefits-breast-feeding [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [5] Wyeth, â€Å"Breast milk: The ideal first food†, Pampering Baby with Care: Your Baby Care Guide, Wyeth Nutrition, pp. 23, pp. 25 [7] The Quote Garden, â₠¬Å"Breastfeeding†, 1998, p. 1 [Online] Available: http://www. quotegarden. com/breastfeeding. html [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observer: Passing Problem, no. , August 2007, pp. 8 Breastfeeding is an effective contraceptive. Parents usually wait for a year or more before making another child. But they cannot get rid of having coital activities with one another hence, they do family planning and make use of contraceptives. One form of a natural contraceptive is breastfeeding. The simplest way of contraception is Lactational Amenorrhea Method. It doesn’t require counting or any contraceptive method. For it to be successful, Epigee [6] suggests that ‘breastfeeding should be ASAP (as soon as possible), frequent, uninterrupted and exclusive. ’ As your baby suckles, nerve impulses travel through your body and are received by your brain. This signal the production of a hormone called prolacti n, which works to inhibit both FsH (Follicle stimulating Hormone) and GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone). As a result, ovulation does not occur and menstruation stops, making it almost possible to become pregnant’ [6]. Formula feeding There are cases that mothers are advised not to breastfeed. It could be a medical or a personal reason. However, there is an option for mothers that they can use if ever breast milk is not offered. Based on Wyeth Nutrition [5 p. 5], â€Å"prepared milk products are good replacement for breast milk. A paediatrician will suggest formulas that will suit for baby. These formulas have nutrients that are also found in breast milk. Conventional types of milk products are not advisable because it may lead to indigestion. Another thing is that those products have low iron content, not good aid curing IDA, and is lacking vitamin C, D and E. † Practices in the Philippines that contribute to problem of breastfeeding. Across East Asia, mothers are turning away from breastfeeding in huge numbers, regardless of the well-attested health risks to their babies. Filipino mothers are not mentally deficient but many are quite unsuspicious consumers and susceptible to the advance and sophisticated marketing techniques deployed by the milk powder companies. â€Å"Despite of the underlying beneficial effects of breastfeeding, both incidence and duration have been varying in most developing countries of the world, not the case in the Philippines. From 14. 5 months in 1963 – 67, the average duration of breast-feeding was declining to 12. 1 months during 1978 – 82. These decreasing rates drastically affect families having low income and inadequate child nutrition† [10]. Paraz [8] said, â€Å"Non-violation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes adopted by WHO in 1981 will initiate sufficiency on breastfeeding recommendations among mothers and families. † Duration (short) of breastfeeding in the Philippines. During 1997, the Philippines demonstrated only 10 percent of infants that were never breastfed at birth. The proportion of â€Å"never breastfed infant† was comparatively higher in 1983, which has an increase of 10 percent in rural and 27 percent in urban areas. Breastfeeding discrepancies between urban and rural, marked 34 percent of never breastfed infants, were found in Manila [10]. Breastfeeding duration is short though it is widely exercised and culturally established in the Philippines. No more than 14 percent of mothers keep on breastfeeding up to 2 years. [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observer: Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 Deprivation of beneficial effects of colostrum due to delayed breastfeeding. Filipino women influenced by cultural norms and beliefs often think that colostrum is a dirty milk and should be eliminated. They delay breastfeeding several days after birth. Benefits of colostrum are consequently deprived. Practice of initiating supplements and non-nutritive liquids at an early age is a more serious problem. This supplementary feeding may contaminate diet for infants because of unfamiliar chemicals present in the food. It further reduces contraceptive effects for mothers. â€Å"Male infants in the Philippines are completely breastfed for a shorter duration compared to many Asian countries. Boys are supplemented, earlier than girls to meet the increasing necessities for growth. Increased diarrhoeal rates are caused mainly by this kind of supplementation among male infants. Moreover, boys receive more starchy staples while girls consume larger amount of green leafy vegetables. In effect, girls are much likely prone to malnutrition than boys. They have more serious eye damage from Vitamin A deficiency. †[10] All mentioned statements are considered as contributors to breastfeeding problems in the Philippines. For child survival, breastfeeding period should be given priority. For benefits of both mother and child, primary factors in feeding infants should be recognized. Many studies showed that breastfeeding manifests child health and well-being, including child survival and child spacing. Thus, it is important to know and to be updated about the current breastfeeding practices in the Philippines. Likewise, analysis of factors affecting short breastfeeding period should be dealt with. Literature Review In this section, the study made by experts regarding matters affecting breastfeeding and infant feeding will be assessed. It is expected that the data created by prior tests provide a framework for a review that follows. Breastfeeding and supplementary feeding WHO [9] states that, ‘babies must be completely breastfed for six months of age to attain the primary development and sufficient nutrition— important for lifetime wellness. ’ However, dietary necessities for infants are increasing as they grow, they should be also given complementary or supplementary foods but breastfeeding is still ongoing until two or more years. â€Å"As babies grow into young children, their nutritional needs change quickly. At around six months, breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet a baby’s energy and nutrition requirements. The baby is also at a stage of development where he/she can start to swallow non-liquid food. The introduction of appropriate and nutritious complementary food to babies from this age is extremely important as it plays a crucial role in the child’s physical and cognitive development†[13]. From about 6 months of age, breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to cover a baby’s nutritional requirements. He or she can also start to swallow non-liquid complementary foods at this stage, helping to support growth, brain development and the building of natural defenses. The period of weaning is critical for the future development and growth of infants. Breastfeeding in developed countries vs. developing (rural) countries. In urban countries, as Kyi [10] studied, duration of breastfeeding is reduced and supplemental foods are introduced early. It is because of [9] WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www. who. int [Accesed: 19 July 2012] [13] Nestle, Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding, Nestle, 2008. [Online] Available: http://www. babymilk. nestle. om/complementary-feeding [Accessed: 28 July 2012] the mothers’ occupation, which is conflicting with extended breastfeeding. Also, in these areas, availability of breast milk substitutes is sufficient making them to shift from breast to bottle feeding. On the other hand, in developing countries, breastfeeding is done until eight to twelve months due to unavailability of milk substitute and scarcity. Supplementary foods are deferre d causing malnutrition. Table 3. 1- Percentage (%) of children (2003-2008) who are: Country| exclusively breastfed| breastfeedingwith complementary feeding| till breastfed(extended)| | 0-5 months| 6-9 months| 12-15 months| 20-24 months| Afghanistan| -| 29| 92| 54| Bangladesh| 43| 74| 95| 91| Brazil| 40| 70| 50| 25| Cambodia| 60| 82| 90| 54| China| -| 32| 43| 15| Ethiopia| 49| 54| 94| 88| India| 46| 57| 88| 77| Indonesia| 32| 75| 80| 50| North Korea| 65| 31| 67| 37| Laos| 26| 70| 82| 48| Malaysia| 29| -| -| 12| Mexico| 38| 36| 32| 21| Myanmar| 15| 66| 85| 67| Pakistan| 37| 36| 79| 55| Philippines| 34| 58| 58| 34| Qatar| 12| 48| 32| 21| Saudi Arabia| 31| 60| 59| 30| Sri Lanka| 76| 86| 92| 83| Thailand| 5| 43| 32| 19| Turkey| 40| 71| 58| 26| United Arab Emirates| 34| 52| 50| 29| Vietnam| 17| 70| 78| 23| Zimbabwe| 22| 79| 87| 40| Above is a table containing statistics of children from selected developing countries who were breastfed, exclusively, with complementary foods and extended breastfeeding by UNICEF [16]. Countries Australia, France, Italy, Spain United Kingdom and United States were not included since they are [16] UNICEF, Statistics about breastfeeding, UNICEF, 2009. [PDF] Available: http://www. childinfo. org [Accessed: 28/ 7 /12] considered developed countries. Also Asian countries, also known as Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan, were excluded as they have graduated from being a developing country as declared by IMF (International Monetary Fund) [14] . Bangladesh and Ethiopia, countries from Asia and Africa respectively, and listed as least developed countries by the United Nations [14], has the higher percentage of breastfeeding rate compared to Malaysia and Thailand, considered the more developed countries, gaining lower rates with regards to the list. Breast feeding strengthens the economy by adding significantly to the national food supply. The economic value of mothers’ milk production is large, worth billions of dollars even in small countries. †[8 p. 8 para. 7] WHO Recommendations The World Health Organization (WHO) is the agency that supports and evaluates matters regarding nutrition, especially breastfeeding. Along with UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), powered by the Un ited Nations, their primary concern is child health and nutrition. For mothers to be able to start and maintain breastfeeding for six months, UNICEF and WHO [9] suggest that ‘breastfeeding should be initiated within the first hour of life, exclusive, on demand, and bottles or others should be avoided. WHO recommends mothers worldwide to exclusively breastfeed their infants for the child’s first six months to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Thereafter, they should be given nutritious complementary foods and continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years or beyond. ’ Globally less than forty-percent (40%) of infants fewer than six months of age are exclusively breasted. Adequate breast feeding support for children, mothers and families could save many young lives† [9]. [14] Wiki, Developing Countries, Wikipedia. org, 28 July 2012 [Online]. Available: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Developing_country [Accessed: 29 July 2012] [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observe r: Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 [9] WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www. who. int [Accesed: 19 July 2012] Definition of terms Based on WHO Code (International Code of Marketing of Breast milk Substitutes) Breast-milk substitute- means ‘any food being marketed or otherwise presented as a partial or total replacement for breast milk, whether or not suitable for that purpose [17 p. 8]’. Complementary food- means ‘any food whether manufactured or locally prepared, suitable as a complement to breast milk or to infant formula, when either become insufficient to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the infant. Such food is also commonly called weaning food or breast-milk supplement [17 p. 8]’. Infant formula- means a breast-milk substitute formulated industrially in accordance with applicable Codex Alimentarius standards, to satisfy the normal nutritional requirements of infants up to between four and six months of age, and adapted to their physiological characteristics [17 p. 9]’ . Exclusive Breastfeeding- as Kathy ; Sue [12] said, it means, ‘setting off other foods for the infant, including water, the breast milk is the only food to be in taken by the child’. The Philippines Department of Health (DOH). Aside from WHO, the Department of Health is the main institution that is imposing activities and information egarding health and nutrition for Filipino mothers and infants particularly in breastfeeding. â€Å"In response to the 1981 International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Philippines Department of Health strongly advocates breastfeeding for nursing mothers instead of using breast milk subst itutes. Republic Act 7600, known as The Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act of 1992, provides incentives to all government and private health institutions in the Philippines that support rooming-in and breastfeeding. The Act provides that newborn infants with normal deliveries be put to the mother’s breast immediately after birth, and roomed-in within 30 minutes; infants delivered by caesarean section should be roomed-in and breastfed within 3 to 4 hours after delivery†[15]. [17] WHO and Nestle, International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, World Health Organization Geneva, 1981 [PDF] Available: http://www. babymilk. nestle. com/who-code-compliance and http://www. who. int [Accessed: 28 July 2012 12] Sue Ann Kendall and Kathy Dettwyler, Exclusive breastfeeding, Kathy Dettwyler, 3 August 1995. [Online] Available: http://www. kathydettwyler. org/detexclusive. html [Accessed: 25 July 2012] [15] NSO Manila and ICF Macro, Philippines: National Demographic and Health Survey 2008, National Statistics Office Manila, Philippines and ICF Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA, December 2009, Chapter 11. [EBook]. Available: Measure DHS, http://www. measuredhs. com/publications [Accessed: 29 July 2012] Factors Influencing duration of breastfeeding Demographic Factors Maternal age: Many researchers found that older women tend to breast feed longer. It is likely that older women have more experience in infant feeding than younger women. They may know the benefits of breast-feeding by their own experience and as a result, they are more likely to breastfeed longer. A study [10] found that older women are more likely to continue breast-feeding beyond 18 months than younger women in rural. Parity: Parity of mother has significant effect on breast-feeding duration, usually women with higher parity breastfeed their children for longer duration. It is most likely that women with higher parity are usually older, less educated and less likely to involve in formal employment sector. Also, women with many children are more likely to be from rural areas and follow the traditional lifestyles. Therefore, they can breastfeed longer, which is a common phenomenon in rural areas. However, studies [10] found out that it could be depending on the setting. They found out that the tradition is a key in the duration of breastfeeding when it comes to parity. Birth order of the child: Some researchers found the positive relationship between birth order of the child and duration of breast-feeding. The higher the birth order of the child is, the longer is the duration of breast-feeding. It is because children of higher birth order are more likely to be borne by older mothers, who are less likely to engage in employment sector and can breastfeed them longer. Another reason may be that these mothers may have older children who help them in household work, so they have more time to breastfeed their babies. This is the common pattern in many societies. Sex of the child: It is one of the important factors influencing duration of breast-feeding. In some countries, male children are breastfed for longer period than female children due to son preference by cultural or religious reason. It is a common phenomenon in China, some South Asian countries and also in some Arab countries. A study [10] says that, in China of 4,084 ever-married women under age 50 in Shaanxi found that male children are breastfed longer than female children. On the other hand, reverse phenomenon is seen in some countries. Male children are fully breastfed for a shorter period than female children in the Philippines. Mothers supplement boys earlier to meet their increasing needs for growth than to girls or because of sex preferences that favor the provision of supplements to boys rather than to girls. Subsequent pregnancy: Researchers found the association between duration of breast-feeding and subsequent pregnancy of mothers. Generally, mothers discontinue breast-feeding as soon as they know that they are pregnant. It is because of a common belief that breast milk of pregnant women can rot and cause disease in the child. Similar pattern is found out based on the study [10] in Cebu, Philippines. Strongest determinant of breast-feeding duration is the mother’s perception of being pregnant. Most women who become pregnant while lactating stop breast-feeding before the end of the first trimester because they often say that pregnancy is associated with â€Å"sour milk†. Residence: Many researchers found that duration of breast-feeding varies markedly between urban and rural mothers. Although there is no exact reason why rural women breastfeed more and longer duration than urban women, some suggested that changing lifestyles in urban areas are not compatible with breastfeeding. This finding was supported by Kyi [10], that in the Philippines, during the period 1973-88, women who breastfed shortest duration lived in Manila City. This common phenomenon is the result of urbanization and changing social system in many parts of the world. Usually, family members can encourage women to breastfeed especially in extended families. Such families are more prevalent in rural areas. It is one of the reasons why rural women breastfeed more and longer than urban women. Along with modernization, women become more educated and take part in employment sector, which is usually incompatible with prolonged duration of breast-feeding. Moreover, utilization of modern maternity care services is common among educated women especially in urban areas, which less encourage women to breast feed for long period. These factors together with other factors contribute to marked difference in the duration of breast-feeding according to urban-rural differential. Socioeconomic Factors Mother’s Education: Effect of maternal education on duration of breastfeeding varies in different societies. Along with modernization, well-educated women tend to breastfeed for a shorter period especially in urban areas. It may be that as women become more educated, they are more likely to involve in formal employment, which is not compatible for longer duration of breast-feeding. However, the reverse pattern is seen in some developed countries since well educated women are more likely to breastfeed their babies and for a longer period. The possible explanation is that as women become more educated they become more aware of advantages of breast-feeding and thus they breastfeed their babies longer. A research [10] done in the Philippines found that women with higher education are more likely to breastfeed for a short time. The result is based on a study of 2,622 mothers in both urban and rural communities of Cebu City. Also, that highly educated mothers from families with highest income or asset categories are least likely to breastfeed and they do so for a short period. Mother’s Occupation: The work status of women causes a major difference in the duration of breast-feeding since it requires leaving the infant at home during working hours. Therefore, duration of breast-feeding is shorter among working mothers. In addition, type and pattern of job of mothers also influence the duration of breast-feeding in different societies. Location of work or distance of work from home, type of work, the other alternative available for child care and the income derived from the work all seem to be important. For mothers who work as suggested by WHO [9], time and place are the key things that affect the duration of breastfeeding. There is a necessity of time and place for them to continue breastfeeding. However, solutions like maternity leave, part-time work arrangements, breastfeeding breaks, etc. can help them going on with breastfeeding. Father’s Education: Like other factors, father’s education can also affect duration of breast-feeding. Usually, well- educated men can get a good job and as a result, they can earn sufficient income. Also, better-educated man tends to marry better-educated women. If both of them are employed, they can earn more income for the family. As their income increases, they can purchase household items such as refrigerator, gas or kerosene stove, which favors the use of breast milk substitutes. As such, it will lead to shorter duration of breast-feeding. Father’s education may also have positive effect on breastfeeding. It is because as fathers are well educated, they have more access to the messages from the health sector or from the mass media. As they understand the benefits of breastfeeding, they will encourage their spouses to breastfeed longer. The research [10] found out that there is an inverse relationship between father’s education and duration of breast feeding. Longer duration of breastfeeding is seen among children whose fathers are with no schooling or less schooling. Household Economic Status: In countries like Bangladesh, Mexico, Philippines and Vietnam, the relationship between household economic status and breastfeeding is inversed. Upper class babies are less likely to be breastfed than those of others [10]. [10] Aye Kyi Kyi, Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines: An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. [9] WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www. who. int [Accesed: 19 July 2012] Health Service Factors In most developing countries, lower rates of breastfeeding and shorter duration are associated with health care services. ‘Breastfeeding rates are decreasing because health services are not receiving the support they need. [8 p. 8]’ Ante natal Care Visits: During these periods, the attitudes and beliefs of the health professionals influence the women’s own knowledge and attitude towards breastfeeding. The more the pregnant women visit her ob-gyne, the more knowledge she can receive. It will lead to successful initiation of breastfeeding and continuation for the period advised by the health personnel. Place and mode of delivery: Utilization of health care services has an important effect on duration of breastfeeding. Practice of health workers at different health facilities can influence the women’s decision to breastfeed. On the other hand, the form of delivery can affect the duration of breastfeeding. Ireland [11] said that in normal delivery, women are more likely to breastfeed than those of via caesarean section. Healing process or the condition of the baby could be the two main factors given that women cannot choose their mode of delivery. Advice from health personnel: Duration of breastfeeding also depends on whether the woman receive advice on breastfeeding from health worker or not. In the Philippines, as researched by Kyi [10], there is no statistically significant effect of breastfeeding promotional messages on the intention and duration of breastfeeding. Conceptual Framework The underlying concept of this study is that duration of breast-feeding can be affected by demographic, socioeconomic and health service factors. Among many demographic factors; age of mother, parity, subsequent pregnancy, sex of child, birth order of child and residence (urban / rural) are assumed as important factors influencing duration of breast-feeding. Out of many socioeconomic factors, mother’s education, occupation, father’s education and economic level of household are regarded as major [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observer: Passing Problem, no. 7, August 2007, pp. 8 [11] Jae Ireland, Factors affecting breastfeeding mothers, Livestrong, 15 July 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www. ivestrong. com/article/493114-factors-affecting-breastfeeing-mothers [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [10] Aye Kyi Kyi, Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines: An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. determinants of duration of breast-feeding. Among various health service factors, 3 factors are considered important for duration of breast-feeding. There are number of antenatal care visits, place and mode of delivery and whether the woman had received an advice on breast-feeding during the post-partum period or not. This conceptual framework is presented in the figure below. Independent VariablesCategoryDependent Variable Mother’s Age Parity Subsequent Pregnancy Birth Order of the Child Demographic Factor Sex of the Child Residence Mother’s Occupation Duration of Breastfeeding Mother’s Education Father’s Education Socioeconomic Factor Household Economic Status Ante natal Care Visits Place and Mode of Delivery Health Service Factor Advice from Health Worker Fig. 3. 1- Conceptual Framework: Factors Influencing Duration of Breastfeeding The most valuable thing mothers can give their babies during early years is the milk obtained from breastfeeding. This means of feeding infants is the earliest known form. It is widely used since the first human had existed. Until the present time, breastfeeding continues to promote many useful effects for people in diverged societies. â€Å"Breast milk is the most suitable food for human newborn and the safest way of feeding infants for the first four to six months of life†[8]. According to studies, it gives perfect nutrition for babies and builds the foundation for their healthy psychosocial progress. Human milk is the milk made specifically for human infants. It is always natural as it is. Because of this exceptional reason, benefit earners involve not only the infants but as well their mothers, their families, their community, their environment and even the economy in which they live The researchers observed several studies that revealed many advantages of breastfeeding. It is recognized as the best nutrient for infants; natural contraceptive for mothers for about 6 months post-partum; preventive action for mothers against breast and ovarian cancers and provision of bonding between mother and child. Breastfeeding is not just a matter of supplying better milk. Of course, the increased opportunity for parent-child bonding offered by breastfeeding is a widely known benefit of nursing. One of the most important advantages of breastfeeding is that the mother is present. This is nature's plan for keeping mother and child close, providing the connection and reassurance the child needs so profoundly. Breastfeeding, beyond all of its many physical benefits, has the built-in bonus of requiring the mother's close presence. In addition to its nutritive value, breast milk also has protective action against common infections. The milk secreted called â€Å"colostrums† contains anti-infective property which can prevent the newborn from diarrhea and pneumonia. If babies are probably prevented from those diseases, they will have a stronger immune system. The protective action of breast milk is very important for the child wellness. In the Philippines, to be particular, warm weather affects the spread rate of bacteria. As a result, infants may be largely exposed to common infections. Malnutrition plays a huge role in child mortality because the immune systems of these children are less resistant to common childhood diseases. This is why a common cold or bout of diarrhea can kill a malnourished child. By simply ensuring exclusive breast feeding for infants, malnutrition is somehow addressed. Aside from its direct effects on the health and well-being of babies, breast feeding has a profound impact on the economy. It strengthens the economy by adding significantly to the national food supply. The economic value of mothers’ milk production is large, worth billions of dollars even in small countries like Philippines. It also reduces future burdens on the health system. Exclusive breast feeding is giving infants is giving infants with only breast milk until 4 to 6 months of age. It greatly matters since it is attributed with almost complete protection against cholera and diarrhea. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that all infants should be exclusively breastfed and begin to receive supplementary foods between fourth to sixth months. This means that feeding infants is not just to breastfeed them. It is to give them the proper nutrition through â€Å"exclusive breastfeeding†. With the right duration and process, organized health system is assured. Both â€Å"too short† and â€Å"too long† duration of breast feeding is not appropriate for child nutrition. The Philippines showed short duration of breast feeding cases according to the researchers’ study. Despite of the beneficial effects derived from breast feeding, both incidence and duration have been changing. This is a serious problem. When mothers shortly breastfeed, their babies tends to receive limited infection-fighting antibodies. Beneficial effects of colostrum are likewise deprived. It is necessary for mothers to know what contributes to problem of breast feeding practices in the Philippines. Because of traditions and customs in the Philippines, a belief passed over generations is often conceptualized. Filipino women believe that colostrum should be discarded because it is dirty milk. This common misconception about the colostrum must be rejected. In this case, mothers must also learn the current breast feeding practices to be informed and updated. Support for breast feeding must go beyond the hospital, and involve communities, work-places, local governments, workers’ unions, mass organizations and consumer associations, in addition to the already very acute nongovernment organizations. Mother’s effort is worth the health of their children. Health services should have support coming from the government. Breastfeeding period depends on whether the woman receives counseling on breast feeding from health workers or not. A health worker may influence a lot of mothers and encourage them to breastfeed exclusively. However in the Philippines, there is no significant effect of breast feeding promotional messages on the purpose and period of breast feeding. Furthermore, mothers breastfeed their babies for a dramatically shorter period if they were told to feed formula. As infant-formula sales increase, the number of breastfeeding mothers goes down. Local infant- formula companies spend billions of dollars a year to endorse their products. This is in contrast to poorly funded public health systems that fail to provide health workers with the skills and knowledge needed to promote breast feeding. Filipino mothers must be wise consumers and be aware of the marketing techniques to be considered on buying milk powder formulas. For wide application, the researchers found that breast feeding can be a solution to the rapid growth of population in the country. If mothers fully breastfeed longer than the old tradition, there is a delay for next pregnancy eve if she does not use any contraceptive method. Breastfeeding can be an instant and effective contraception. Considering all benefits offered by breast feeding, the group concluded that all infants, specifically Filipino children, should undergo exclusive breast feeding. References [1] Gerber, â€Å"Some notes on breastfeeding†, Countdown: Nine Months to a Perfect Delivery, 2004, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31 [2] PT Staff, The Benefits of Breastfeeding, Psychology Today, 01 January 1996 [Online]. Available: http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/199601/the-benefits-breast-feeding [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [3] S. Cocabo and P. Kin, â€Å"Childcare: the first 3 years†, Your Health Guide: The Family Wealth, Medimarketing, Inc. , Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1994, pp. 26 [4] Medicine Net, Breastfeeding and formula feeding, Medicine Net, 1996, p. 2 [Online]. Available: http://www. medicinenet. com [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [5] Wyeth, â€Å"Breast milk: The Ideal First Food†, Pampering Baby with Care: Your Baby Care Guide, Wyeth Nutrition, pp. 23, pp. 25 6] Epigee,ContraceptiveBenefitsofBreastfeeding,Epigee,2012. [Online]. Available: http://www. epigee. org/fetal/contraception. html [Accessed: 19 July 2012] [7] The Quote Garden, Breastfeeding, 1998, p. 1 [Online] Available: http://www. quotegarden. com/breastfeeding. html [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [8] Carisa Paraz, â€Å"Breastfeeding can cut infant deaths†, Medical Observer: Passing Problem, no. 7, Augus t 2007, pp. 8 [9] WHO, Exclusive breastfeeding, World Health Oraganization, 15 January 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www. who. nt [Accesed: 19 July 2012] [10] Aye Kyi Kyi, Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in the Philippines: An Analysis of 1998 NDHS Data, M. A. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahindol University, Myanmar, 2000. [11] Jae Ireland, Factors affecting breastfeeding mothers, Livestrong, 15 July 2011. [Online]. Available:http://www. livestrong. com/article/493114-factors-affecting-breastfeeing- mothers [Accessed: 18 July 2012] [12] Sue Ann Kendall and Kathy Dettwyler, Exclusive breastfeeding, Kathy Dettwyler, 3 August 1995. [Online] Available: http://www. kathydettwyler. org/detexclusive. tml [Accessed: 25 July 2012] [13] Nestle, Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding, Nestle, 2008. [Online] Available: http://www. babymilk. nestle. com/complementary-feeding [Accessed: 28 July 2012] [14] Wiki,DevelopingCountries,Wikipedia. org,28July2012[Online] Available: http://en . wikipedia. org/wiki/Developing_country [Accessed: 29 July 2012] [15] NSO Manila and ICF Macro, Philippines: National Demographic and Health Survey 2008, National Statistics Office Manila, Philippines and ICF Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA, December 2009, Chapter 11. EBook]. Available: Measure DHS, http://www. measuredhs. com/publications [Accessed: 29 July 2012] [16] UNICEF, Statistics about breastfeeding, UNICEF, 2009. [PDF] Available: UNICEF, http://www. childinfo. org [Accessed: 28 July 2012] [17] WHO and Nestle, International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, World Health Organization Geneva, 1981 [PDF] Available:http://www. babymilk. nestle. com and http://www. who. int [Accessed: 28 July 2012]

How successful was Alexander II in transforming Russian Society Essay

Despite being donned ‘The Great Reformer’ by various historians, there are two sides to the opinion of Alexander II. Although he emancipated the serfs, brought about military, government, judicial, educational, censorship, economic and church reforms, society was unsatisfied. E. Radzinsky, author of ‘Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar’ suggested that he was ‘two-headed’, with one head for reform, the other for the past, which may be proven in his retracting of reforms due to fear of how much power the people of Russia were acquiring, yet in terms of transforming society, through change and modernising, he was successful. In 1861, just 6 years after coming to power, Alexander II emancipated the serfs. Such an action was revolutionary, yet he was not without his reasons. He assured a group of Moscow noblemen that â€Å"it is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for the time when it will begin to abolish itself from below†. The Ukase meant serfs were free men, they could marry, create businesses, have rights and own property without need of approval from the landowner who previously owned them. They could keep the land they previously farmed and the landlords received compensation from the loss of land. This was a huge undertaking, to completely change the Russian system of serfdom, and it brought about enterprise and the seeds of modernisation. Following this reform, Alexander II set out to change even more. Local governments were set up, called the ‘zemstva’, and they could improve public services and administer relief. Towns were now represented by ‘Dumas’ and the electorates understood the town’s issues, so could improve education and local welfare. In the zemstva, liberals were able to discuss the running of the country – a nod towards the western government system. The relaxing of censorship, which had even begun before the emancipation, meant western ideas would spread further. Foreign works were permitted and Russia saw far more books and newspapers published, from a meagre 1836/year in 1,855 to 10,691 in 1964. There were new regulations; no longer did every title of a book need to be checked before being published. Wider reading meant greater education, whilst the emancipation meant that a greater number needed to be educated. The zemstva allowed these educational changes to be funded. Alexander Golovnin was appointed the Minister of Education in 1962, and under him, for the next 15 years education was transformed. In 1970, schools adopted an ‘open for all’ policy. Women and all races could attend secondary school. Between 1856 and 1880, the number of primary schools almost tripled and during the 1870s, the number of students at university did also. The zemstva took over the church’s educational responsibility in 1864, leading to more liberal and modern thinking. The educational reforms lead to all communities being brighter, encouraging further business and free education lead to social mobility and opportunity. The Minister of Internal Affairs, Pyotr Valuev set up the Ecclesiastical Commission in 1862 to investigate church organisation and practise. The church, as a powerful weapon of the government had to retain the loyalty of the people, especially after the abolition of serfdom. In 1868, reforms meant the most talented and educated priests could be promoted within the church, and furthermore, Russia began to accept Polish Catholicism and relaxed her stance on the Jews and promoted the Finnish language. A hugely important reform was economic. After the defeat in the Crimean war, Russia needed to earn back worldwide respect. Mikhail von Reutern, the Minister of Finance from 1862 – 1878 ensured there were taxes, budgets and a watch on government spending. Tax-farming was abolished, whilst banks were allowed credit facilities. Subsidies were spread to encourage the creation of railways and foreign investment in Russia was encouraged. The mining and cotton industries also thrived and national growth did too. This was a big step towards modernisation, exports meant industry and railways meant transport, which also assisted the moving of modern military weapons and soldiers, Russia was moving forward. Ttaxation was fairer now, and that idea of equality spread to the judicial system. In 1864, Dmitrii Zamyatnin modelled a new system on western ideas. There were different types of courts, Volost courts to deal with emancipation, minor offences and the like, with judges who were elected unbiased peasants. The judges were paid more, which meant there was less corruption in the system, and careers in law began to emerge with the greater education system. Open courts meant the public could view sentencing and be deterred from crime, and the press were free to document court cases. Surprisingly, the issue that triggered many reforms such as economic and the emancipation due to the shame in Crimea was the last to be brought about. The military reforms began in 1874, a while after the defeat.. Milyutin, the War Minster, recognised the importance of having a smaller, more professional army as opposed to a large and untrained one. Being in the army was no longer a punishment, and for some a career, as nepotism was stopped by military colleges. The length of service was reduced by 10 years to just 15, and class had nothing to do with whether or not you were conscripted. This all lead to reduced government expenditure on the military, and a small victory against Turkey in 1877. Despite the huge impact of Alexander II’s reforms, they did not all transform society, especially as he withdrew several in years to come. Emancipation did not stop any discontent from the lower classes, as following the Ukase, there were 647 riots in 4 months. Many had less land than before, and were forced to pay ‘redemption payments’ for 49 years at a 6% rate of interest. The nobility were not satisfied either, and by 1905, 50% of the remaining land had been sold, as profits fell. Other reforms were also not without fault. Zemstvas and Dumas never truly had the demands of the peasants fulfilled and they had no greater power. The Provincial Governors, who were appointed by the Tsar, could overrule any decision and by 1914, still only about 60% of provinces had a local government. This caused limitations in all other reforms. The economy remained relatively weak, and despite the open courts in the judicial system, government budgets were definitely not open for public viewing. 66% of government revenue came from indirect taxation and with the changing value of their currency, the rouble; Russia was still not financially stable. The church was certainly not transformed greatly, as if it lost its power, so would the tsar. Clerical poverty was still rife and not all priests were educated. The church still censored media, as did the military and both religious and military courts were not reformed. Unlike the rest of the courts which now had a jury, any political or important crimes were dealt with by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and revolutionaries were still arrested by the Third Section, with peasants still being treated with a degree of inequality in the courts. Educational and Censorship reforms also incited rebellion, with greater opportunity to spread radical ideas or even to spread general intelligence, which meant the government was threatened. The Ministry of Internal Affairs also still held the right to fine and prevent some publications in the media. The Military reforms were not without drawbacks either. Illiterate peasants (of which there were still vast numbers, despite the spread of education) could not benefit from the new training, and officers were still largely the product of nepotism. The army was still in essence peasant conscription and despite the railways, supply was far from perfect, as the trains were slow to develop and spread. Alexander II, the man with whom Queen Victoria herself fell in love with, the ‘tsar liberator’ and the man who transformed a system that had not changed for 300 years was certainly ‘the great reformer’. He revolutionised almost every aspect of Russian society, and despite the fact that it may not have lasted, he still managed to begin modernisation for Russia. He could never satisfy the whole country. Before his death, there were many attempts on his life, and many were close. But he brought about greater equality, rights and hope. He showed the Russian people that change was possible, and strengthened the economy. Even though he grew scared of the nationwide liberation, the Loris-Melikov constitution is proof enough that he didn’t want the country to stay oppressed. Even on the day he was killed, he tried to transform Russia.

Rhetorical Speech Analysis- Robert F. Kennedy

Rhetorical Speech Analysis- Robert F. Kennedy Free Online Research Papers The famous Indianapolis speech, given by Robert F. Kennedy, breaking the news of the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King (informing a mostly black audience) is a perfect example of the humble, humanistic speech style of former Presidential candidate. Although short, Kennedy’s words in this speech are profound and lasting, a simple approach which was mastered by this great social thinker. Through rhetorical analysis of this somber speech it is clear that Kennedy was a clever, emotional connected public speaker who used his time at the podium to not only commemorate a life, but also build support for his campaign. The speech was given the evening of April 4, 1968 during Kennedy’s campaign tour. Kennedy had just arrived in Indianapolis, Indiana when he heard the tragic news of Kings Assassination. Immediately after his plane landed Kennedy was expected to appear publicly to promote his campaign. While the police highly urged Kennedy to skip this stop on his tour because the area was considered to be a dangerous ghetto, Kennedy insisted he reach out to its inhabitants. The sudden, unexpected, and devastating news was the catalyst for an immediate change of agenda as Kennedy would have the difficult task of speaking to a mostly black, very up-beat audience, none of whom were aware of the recent assassination of King. This set the scene for what would be a memorable, reflective, and impromptu memorial speech that has been preserved as a Kennedy trademark. Because of the spur-of-the-moment nature of this speech, it is hard to categorize. Obviously Kennedy was working on a campaign but the speech, both in content and format, is presented as a special occasion style speech. Kennedy begins by breaking the news of Kings death to his audience (who reaction is horrifying) then quickly brings the attention back to himself by using humanistic, thoughtful language which sets up the rest of his unplanned speech as a tribute of sorts. It was clear that Kennedy was particularly aware of his mostly black audience as he makes every effort to relate to them through sympathy and equality. He never speaks down to them about King but rather speaks as if he were one of them. Throughout the speech Kennedy stayed calm and collected yet never seemed desensitized (as is so often the case with more modern speakers). You could see through the delivery of his speech and the tone of his voice and language that this was a very serious occasion not to be discussed in a sterile manner but rather through respectful commemoration. He constantly reminds the audience of the goals for King and cleverly connects those goals to his own, further gaining audience respect as a leader and equal individual. An example of this is presented toward the beginning of the speech when Kennedy states â€Å"Martin Luther King dedicated his life to love and to justice between fellow human beings. He died in the cause of that effort. In this difficult day, in this difficult time for the United States, its perhaps well to ask what kind of a nation we are and what direction we want to move in.† This is beautifully poet and political as it seamlessly and honestly pays tribute to King and his work, while at the same time build momentum for Kennedy’s own work as a Presidential candidate. While this speech is very eloquent and appears to be crafted, it is important to recognize the atypical circumstances that shape the delivery of the speech. Since it was a unarranged speech the language, while poet and constant, is ultimately informal in terms of a political rally. Kennedy has a very solemn tone of voice that isn’t recognizable as a political quality. This is not at all in appropriate, but rather due to the circumstance very effective as it automatically allows the audience to share these words rather than just receive them. Furthermore Kennedy centers the body of the speech around social injustice, equality, and national division all topics relevant to the life of King, and his own work. It is clear that the audiences fear and devastation quickly turns into a powerful excited energy to continue King’s mission. This displays a certain level of brilliance on the part of Kennedy because it is surely assumed that he new a situation like this could turn to riot and destruction, yet through his smart and personal language he reversed a possible disaster before it could even begin. This genius is displayed when he states â€Å"For those of you who are black and are tempted to be filled with hatred and mistrust of the injustice of such an act, against all white people, I would only say that I can also feel in my own heart the same kind of feeling†¦But we have to make an effort in the United States, we have to make an effort to understand, to get beyond these rather difficult times. Finally Kennedy ends with a reflective quote from Aeschylus, and once again repeats for the third time â€Å"What we need in America† then going on to his quick agenda. This repetition is an affective tool in his speech, especially one as short as this. Again this allows him to stay connected to the theme of a tribute speech while also driving his point into the minds and more importantly the hearts of his audience. Kennedy not only rose to the occasion but rose above it. He was seamlessly able to honor the life of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King by connecting King’s life’s dreams to his career and campaign goals. His words were simple and clear (specifically being adjusted to his lower economic class audience) but poetic and profound. Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated himself only two months after the night he gave this speech. His words echo through decades and his powerful skills as a social leader and kind nature as a human being as forever sealed within the unforgettable words of this speech. Research Papers on Rhetorical Speech Analysis- Robert F. KennedyHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Marshal Philippe Petain in World War I

Marshal Philippe Petain in World War I Philippe Ptain - Early Life Career: Born April 24, 1856 at Cauchyla-Tour, France, Philippe Pà ©tain was the son of a farmer. Entering the French Army in 1876, he later attended the St. Cyr Military Academy and the École Supà ©rieure de Guerre. Promoted to captain in 1890, Pà ©tains career progressed slowly as he lobbied for the heavy use of artillery while repudiating the French offensive philosophy of massed infantry assaults. Later promoted to colonel, he commanded the 11th Infantry Regiment at Arras in 1911 and began contemplating retirement. These plans were accelerated when he was informed that he would not be promoted to brigadier general. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, all thoughts of retirement were banished. Commanding a brigade when the fighting commenced, Pà ©tain received a rapid promotion to brigadier general and took command of the 6th Division in time for the First Battle of the Marne. Performing well, he was elevated to lead XXXIII Corps that October. In this role, he led the corps in the failed Artois Offensive the following May. Promoted to command the Second Army in July 1915, he led it during the Second Battle of Champagne in the fall. Philippe Ptain -Hero of Verdun: In early 1916, German Chief of Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn sought to force a decisive battle on the Western Front that would break the French Army. Opening the Battle of Verdun on February 21, German forces bore down on the city and made initial gains. With the situation critical, Pà ©tains Second Army was shifted to Verdun to aid in the defense. On May 1, he was promoted to command the Centre Army Group and oversaw the defense of the entire Verdun sector. Using the artillery doctrine he had promoted as a junior officer, Pà ©tain was able to slow and eventually halt the German advance. Philippe Ptain -Finishing the War: Having won a key victory at Verdun, Pà ©tain was irked when his successor with Second Army, General Robert Nivelle, was appointed Commander-in-Chief over him on December 12, 1916. The following April, Nivelle launched a massive offense at Chemin des Dames. A bloody failure, it led to Pà ©tain being appointed Army Chief of Staff on April 29 and ultimately replacing Nivelle on May 15. With the outbreak of mass mutinies in the French Army that summer, Pà ©tain moved to placate the men and listened to their concerns. While ordering selective punishment for the leaders, he also improved living conditions and leave policies. Through these initiatives and refraining from large-scale, bloody offensives, he succeeded in rebuilding the fighting spirit of the French Army. Though limited operations occurred, Pà ©tain elected to await American reinforcements and large numbers of new Renault FT17 tanks before advancing. With the beginning of the German Spring Offensives in March 1918, Pà ©tains troops were hit hard and pushed back. Ultimately stabilizing the lines, he dispatched reserves to aid the British. Advocating a policy of defense in depth, the French progressively fared better and first held, then pushed back the Germans at the Second Battle of the Marne that summer. With the Germans halted, Pà ©tain led French forces during the final campaigns of the conflict which ultimately drove the Germans from France. For his service, he was made Marshal of France on December 8, 1918. A hero in France, Pà ©tain was invited to attend the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Following the signing, he appointed vice chairman of the Conseil Supà ©rieur de la Guerre. Philippe Ptain -Interwar Years: After a failed presidential bid in 1919, he served in a variety of high administrative posts and clashed with the government over military downsizing and personnel issues. Though he favored a large tank corps and air force, these plans were unworkable due to lack of funds and Pà ©tain came to favor the construction of a line of fortifications along the German border as an alternative. This came to fruition in the form of the Maginot Line. In September 25, Pà ©tain took to the field for the final time when he led a successful Franco-Spanish force against the Rif tribes in Morocco. Retiring from the army in 1931, the 75 year-old Pà ©tain returned to service as Minister of War in 1934. He held this post briefly, as well as did a brief stint as Minister of State the following year. During his time in government, Pà ©tain was unable to halt the reductions in the defense budget which had left the French Army unready for a future conflict. Returning to retirement, he again was summoned to national service in May 1940 during World War II. With the Battle of France going poorly in late May, General Maxime Weygand and Pà ©tain began to advocate for an armistice. Philippe Ptain - Vichy France: On June 5, French Premier Paul Reynaud brought Pà ©tain, Weygand, and Brigadier General Charles de Gaulle into his War Cabinet in an effort to bolster the spirits of the army. Five days later the government abandoned Paris and moved to Tours and then Bordeaux. On June 16, Pà ©tain was appointed prime minister. In this role, he continued to press for an armistice, though some advocated continuing the fight from North Africa. Refusing to leave France, he got his wish on June 22 when an armistice with Germany was signed. Ratified on July 10, it effectively ceded control of the northern and western parts of France to Germany. The next day, Pà ©tain was appointed head of state for the newly formed French State which was governed from Vichy. Rejecting the secular and liberal traditions of the Third Republic, he sought to create a paternalistic Catholic state. Pà ©tains new regime quickly ousted republican administrators, passed anti-Semitic laws, and imprisoned refugees. Effectively a client state of Nazi Germany, Pà ©tains France was compelled to aid the Axis Powers in their campaigns. Though Pà ©tain showed little sympathy for the Nazis, he permitted organizations such as the Milice, a Gestapo-style militia organization, to be formed within Vichy France. Following the Operation Torch landings in North Africa in late 1942, Germany implemented Case Aton which called for the complete occupation of France. Though Pà ©tains regime continued to exist, he effectively was relegated to the role of figurehead. In September 1944, following the Allied landings in Normandy, Pà ©tain and the Vichy government were removed to Sigmaringen, Germany to serve as a government-in-exile. Unwilling to serve in this capacity, Pà ©tain stepped down and directed that his name not be used in conjunction with the new organization. On April 5, 1945, Pà ©tain wrote to Adolf Hitler requesting permission to return to France. Though no reply was received, he was delivered to the Swiss border on April 24. Philippe Ptain -Later Life: Entering France two days later, Pà ©tain was taken into custody by De Gaulles provisional government. On July 23, 1945, he was placed on trial for treason. Lasting until August 15, the trial concluded with Pà ©tain being found guilty and sentenced to death. Due to his age (89) and World War I service, this was commuted to life imprisonment by De Gaulle. In addition, Pà ©tain was stripped of his ranks and honors with the exception of marshal which had been conferred by the French Parliament. Initially taken to Fort du Portalet in the Pyrenees, he was later imprisoned at Forte de Pierre on the ÃŽle dYeu. Pà ©tain remained there until his death on July 23, 1951. Selected Sources First World War: Philippe PetainBBC: Philippe Petain World at War: Philippe Petain

Employment Law for Animal Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Employment Law for Animal Care - Essay Example We share different cultures and beliefs inherited from our forefathers. It is one’s sovereign right to gain entry to a job of choice that he has been prepared for. The Anti-Discrimination law allows every man to share equal rights in the workplace by citing potential discriminatory acts committed by employers that are definitely punishable. In the case of animal care keepers and service workers in zoos, more specifically their jobs entail the preparation of the respective diets of animals, cleaning the enclosures or cages, raise their young, monitor eating patterns, physical ailments and ensure the safety of the visiting public. Keepers also serve as guides and ensure the safety of the visiting public. Depending on the zoo keepers they may be assigned to work on a broad group of animals or may work on a limited collection. Animal trainers are also hired to train animals for riding; performance and entertainment; and the process sometimes take months and even years of repetitio n. Employers would often see that a job that requires broad responsibilities would entail a man’s hand to do the work. The advent of sex discrimination legislation in the United Kingdom and the European region in general saw significant cultural changes across the workplace. When the European Convention on Human Rights recognized individuals other than the traditional gender classification of male and female a ground breaking law was established. Under the Sex Discrimination Act (1975) and the Employment Equality Regulations (2003). ... 1975)1 and the Employment Equality Regulations (2003)2, the limitation of a woman's right to practice her knowledge and skills by virtue of sexual classification as the weaker sex is prohibited. To discriminate a person by virtue of her sex is tantamount to an insult on her person. It is a woman's civil right to choose a career of her own and to earn for herself and her family just like any man. With the advent of this law, we can now see a lot of women allowed to excel in their chosen fields. We share different cultures and beliefs inherited from our forefathers. It is one's sovereign right to gain entry to a job of choice that he has been prepared for. Race Relations Act (RRA1976)3 allows every man to share equal rights in the workplace by prohibiting racial discrimination of workers. Gone are the days when colored workers are separated from the whites. Asians and Mexicans are no longer restricted to work anywhere they like. Everyone is given the opportunity to exercise one's profession or training despite his racial origin. This act creates inter-dependence among men of different cultural backgrounds to share their expertise in the workplace thereby affording the country a stable economic stature. Discrimination also materializes as well during the recruitment and selection process by denying or subjecting a person to a detriment or loss of opportunity similarly in the case of Chanya, a Kenyan woman whose application as a zookeeper at the Middlesex Zoo was turned down d espite excellent training and qualification most likely owing to her gender and race. It should be noted that under the employment-related purposes, the Sexual Discrimination Act has been changed by the Sexual Discrimination Act (Burden of Proof) Regulations 2001(SI 2001 No. 2660)4. As the name